The most common species are the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), sea trout (Salmo trutta), shads (Alosa alosa and Alosa fallax), sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) European river lamprey (Lampetra fluviatilis) and smelt (Osmerus eperlanus). for the academic world: for school, primary, secondary, high school, middle, technical degree, college, university, undergraduate, master's or doctoral degrees; Loire à Vélo is an 800km signposted cycling route that is frequently on traffic-free cycle paths. [1][4] Downstream of Nevers lies the Loire Valley, a UNESCO World Heritage Site due to its fine assortment of castles. The Gauls arrived in the valley between 1500 and 500 BC, and the Carnutes settled in Cenabum in what is now Orléans and built a bridge over the river. The source of the river lies in the eastern Massif Central, in springs to the south side of Mont Gerbier de Jonc at 44°50′38″N 4°13′12″E / 44.84389°N 4.22000°E / 44.84389; 4.22000. However, the hazardous free-flow navigation and limited tonnages meant that railways rapidly killed off the surviving traffic from the 1850s. The European eel (Anguilla anguilla) is common in the upper streams, whereas the flounder (Platichtys flesus) and flathead mullet (Mugil spp.) The Loire Valley (French: Vallée de la Loire) lies in the middle stretch of the river, extends for about 280 km (170 mi) and comprises an area of roughly 800 km2 (310 sq mi). The Loire River is the longest in France. The region is a producer of wheat, barley, corn, and grapes and also has manufacturing and … The three streams converge to form the Loire, which descends the valley south of Mount through the village of Sainte-Eulalie itself. Some Sancerre vineyards have as many as 10,000 plants per hectare. Available in English, Spanish, Portuguese, Japanese, Chinese, French, German, Italian, Polish, Dutch, Russian, Arabic, Hindi, Swedish, Ukrainian, Hungarian, Catalan, Czech, Hebrew, Danish, Finnish, Indonesian, Norwegian, Romanian, Turkish, Vietnamese, Korean, Thai, Greek, Bulgarian, Croatian, Slovak, Lithuanian, Filipino, Latvian, Estonian and Slovenian. At a certain point during the long history of uplift in the Paris Basin, the lower, Atlantic Loire captured the "palaeo-Loire" or Loire séquanaise ("Seine Loire"), producing the present river. [41], In 1986, the French government, the Loire-Brittany Water Agency and the EPALA settled an agreement on flood prevention and water These works, with groynes and submersible embankments, survive and contribute to the limited navigability under present-day conditions. The Neoclassical architectural style, was a revival of Classical style of architecture, which emerged in the mid 18th century; one such notable structure is the Château de Menars built by Jacques Ange Gabriel (1698–1782) who was the royal architect in the court of Louis XV (1715–74). Its population has decreased from about 100,000 in the 19th century to below 100 in the 1990s that resulted in the adoption of a total ban of salmon fishing in the Loire basin in 1984. The 5th Century brought the Alemanni and the Franks to the Loire area. Some ‘star chateaux’ are well-known names such as Chambord or Azay-le-Rideau. Found inside – Page 54Loire River catchment (117000 km2, total length of rivers and tributaries of about ... A national and European action plan, “Plan Loire Grandeur Nature”, ... [5] They were originally created as feudal strongholds, over centuries past, in the strategic divide between southern and northern France; now many are privately owned.[7]. [4] The number of sunny hours per year varies between 1400 and 2200 and increases from northwest to southeast. It's free to use and each article or document can be downloaded. The Loire flows roughly northward through Roanne and Nevers to Orléans and thereafter westward through Tours to Nantes, where it forms an estuary. Found inside – Page 125The Allier River is the only tributary in the Loire Basin where the Atlantic ... The Atlantic salmon have disappeared from all the large rivers on the ... Les Rosiers-sur-Loire by Jean-Jacques Delusse [fr], 1800. Early arrival recommended so as to maximize time in the Chateau Royal and enjoy a walk around the adjacent gardens – followed by a saunter around town and your first look at The Loire river. By the 11th century the wines of Sancerre had a reputation across Europe for their high quality. [1] The presence of an aquifer under Mont Gerbier de Jonc gives rise to multiple sources, three of them located at the foot of Mount have been highlighted as river sources. Today, these privately owned châteaux serve as homes, a few open their doors to tourist visits, while others are operated as hotels or bed and breakfasts. A key transportation route, it served as one of the great "highways" of France for over 2000 years. It arises from The flow is relatively small throughout much of the year and wanders about over a wide bed. The 9th Century saw the Vikings plunder the west of France, and on numerous occasions in the Middle Ages and beyond the English also came, and once left with the French heroine Joan of Arc at their heels. During the harvest months rain can cause the grapes to be harvested under ripe but can also aid in the development of Botrytis cinerea for the region's dessert wines. La source de la Loire, by Gustave Courbet. The mid-1990s saw an increase in the number of négociant and co-operative to where now about half of Sancerre and almost 80% of Muscadet is bottled by a négociant or co-op. While the majority of production is white wine from the Chenin blanc, Sauvignon blanc and Melon de Bourgogne grapes, there are red wines made (especially around the Chinon region) from Cabernet franc. [1] It is also known as the Garden of France – due to the abundance of vineyards, fruit orchards, artichoke, asparagus and cherry fields which line the banks of the river[44] – and also as the "cradle of the French language". [1], Most amphibians of the Loire are found in the slow flow areas near the delta, especially in the floodplain, marshes and oxbows. Several départements of France were named after the Loire. Along the river, the Loire River and her tributaries will lead you to magnificent castles, famous monasteries and beautiful gardens, which together form the most beautiful scenery on the Loire. [43] The Loire is unique in this respect as the Atlantic salmon can swim as far as 900 km (560 mi) up the river and spawn in the upper reaches of the Allier. The river has a discharge rate of 863 m3/s (30,500 cu ft/s), which is an average over the period 1967–2008. [42], The WWF were particularly important in changing the perception of the French authorities in support for dam building to environmental protection and sustainable management of its river basin. The Indre is a river in central France, left tributary to the Loire River. Found inside43 'The Loire Masions-Rouges River in France. and Between Saint-Etienne-du-Vigan September 1998 dams and early are located 1999, the on tributaries ... Found inside – Page 2168It was previously named LOIRE RIVER . ... km N of Tržič ( SLOVENIA ) ; 46 ° 26'N Loire - Inférieure , Loire - Maritime . rivers , tributaries of the seine . Most of them are located between Gien and Nantes. [52] Spread out across the Loire Valley are 87 appellation under the AOC, VDQS and Vin de Pays systems. ", Architectural edifices were created in Loire valley from the 10th century onwards with the defensive fortress like structures called the "keeps" or "donjons" built between 987 and 1040 by Anjou Count Foulques Nerra of Anjou (the Falcon). [31], The middle stretches of the river have many limestone caves which were inhabited by humans in the prehistoric era; the caves are several types of limestone formations, namely tuffeau (a porous type of chalk, not to be confused with tufa) and Falun (formed 12 million years ago). Found inside – Page 88THE LOIRE RIVER'S VALLEYS AND TRIBUTARIES T he cheeses of the Loire and its tributaries are from the region called Berry and the classical regions known as ... In this guide, explore the grapes, wine appellations, history, culture, and climate of this diverse region. Found inside – Page 408A branch from these principal tributary , the Marne , is 268 miles . ... Loire , separates that river from the streams which flow into The north - eastern ... [7] The Phoenicians and Greeks had used pack horses to transport goods from Lyon to the Loire to get from the Mediterranean basin to the Atlantic coast. [42] As a result, the WWF and other NGOs established the Loire Vivante (Living Loire) network in 1988 to oppose this and arranged an initial meeting with the French Minister of the Environment. [39], The river flows through the continental ecoregions of Massif central and Bassin Parisien south and in its Lower course partly through South Atlantic and Brittany. Asparagus was also brought from northwestern France. There are many fruit trees near the Atlantic Coast of the river. The longest river in France, the 630-mile-long Loire, drains 21% of Metropolitan France's land area. They also began building the city of Caesarodunum, now Tours, from AD 1. [42] In 1990, Loire Vivante met with the French Prime Minister and the government, successfully, as the government demanded that the EPALA embark upon major reforms in its approach to managing the river. The former bed of the Loire séquanaise is occupied by the Loing. The Loire system. The Loire at Montsoreau, J. M. W. Turner, 1832, Château de Montsoreau-Museum of Contemporary Art. Found inside – Page 25In Blois State Forest along the Loire River , the elevation is 89 to 144 m with ... and Thoux Forests ) is in the Cher River Valley ( tributary of Loire ) . Pays de la Loire, waterways guide No. [32] The most serious floods occurred in 1856, 1866 and 1911. The toads include Bufo bufo, Alytes obstetricans, Bombina variegata, Bufo calamita, Pelobates fuscus and Pelobates cultripes. by Marie Arnould Before the dams were built, before the onslaught of industrial pollution, before overfishing took its toll, approximately 100,000 Atlantic salmon would make the annual journey to their spawning grounds in the headwaters of the Loire River and its tributaries. Whereas the total biomass is low in the upper reaches, the biodiversity is high, with more than 250 taxa at Orléans. It is originally a mere trickle of water located at 1,408 m (4,619 ft) above sea-level. Gallic rule ended in the valley in 56 BC when Julius Caesar conquered the adjacent provinces for Rome. In so doing, it is seen winding its way past Nevers and Orleans, then flows out west past Tours, Nantes, and St. Nazaire before finally emptying into the Atlantic Ocean. On December 2, 2000, UNESCO added the central part of the Loire valley, between Bouchemaine in Anjou and Sully-sur-Loire in Loiret, to its list of World Heritage Sites. Walking Loire Valley – Tour Itinerary. - average. [1], The Loire hosts about 64% of nesting bird species of France, that is 164 species, of which 54 are water birds, 44 species are common for managed forests, 41 to natural forests, 13 to open and 12 to rocky areas. It is originally a mere trickle of water located at 1,408 m (4,619 ft) above sea-level. In 2002, the WWF aided a second Loire Nature project and expanded its scope to the entire basin, addressing some 4,500 hectares (11,000 acres) of land under a budget of US$18 million, mainly funded by government and public bodies, such as the Établissement Publique Loire (EPL), a public institution which had formerly advocated large-scale dam projects on the river.[42]. The Nantais, on the Atlantic coast, with it’s cool maritime climate, specializes in Muscadet. After AD 16, the Loire river valley became part of the Roman province of Aquitania, with its capital at Avaricum. This was followed by aesthetically built châteaux (to also function as residential units), which substituted the quadrangular layout of the keep. The Indre and Indre-et-Loire departments are named after this river. The Gaulish name comes from the Gaulish word liga, which means "silt, sediment, deposit, alluvium", a word that gave French lie, as in sur lie, which in turn gave English lees. Starting around 1500 BC and continuing on into around 500 BC, the Carnutes people arrived in the area of Orleans. Found inside – Page 549TO MANY PEOPLE, the Loire River defines FRANCE. ... Angers, and Nantes on the river directly, and Clermont-Ferrand, Limoges, and Le Mans on tributaries). Religious wars followed and in 1560 Catholics drowned several hundred Protestants in the river. In the 17th century, there was feverish pace in the design of châteaux for introducing exotic styles; a notable structure of this period is the Pagode de Chanteloup at Amboise, which was built between 1773 and 1778.[45]. Found inside38 INTRODUCING THE LOIRE VALLEY River View: Saint-Nazaire to Montsoreau ... other tributaries flow north and south through the surrounding countryside. The region experiences a rainfall of 690 mm (27.2 in) along the coast and 648 mm (25.5 in) inland. The major commercial port at Nantes has caused severe damage to the ecosystem of the Loire estuary. The Loire River drains more than 1/5 th of the French territory and flows into the Atlantic Ocean through plutonic and volcanic rocks in the upper and lower parts and a large sedimentary basin. The Vienne (Occitan: Vinhana) is one of the most important rivers in southwestern France, a main left tributary of the lower Loire river. The Loire near Saint-Martin-de-Fugères, about an hour’s drive from Mont Gerbier de Jonc. Loire Valley Wine Guide. Unionpedia is a concept map or semantic network organized like an encyclopedia – dictionary. The monarchy of France ruled in the Loire Valley for several centuries, giving it the name of "The Valley of Kings". The main ones are: [25] But competition from the railway, beginning in the 1840s, caused a decline in trade on the river. See more », [1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tributaries_of_the_Loire. When we think of the Loire, we usually think of the 118 mile stretch between Orléans and Angers, the famous Loire Valley, home to the twenty fabulous châteaux including Chambord, Chenonceau or Blois, though most are actually built on the river’s tributaries. Another short stretch much further upstream at Decize is also navigable, where a river level crossing from the Canal latéral à la Loire connects to the Canal du Nivernais. The Vin de Pays du Jardin de la France refers to any varietally labelled wine, such as Chardonnay, that is produced in the region outside of an AOC designation. Row down the Loire River to behold the Gothic cathedral of Orléans and Loire valley and its historic châteaux Views of the cathedral of Orléans and historic châteaus along the Loire River, France. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. See all videos for this article Their total mass is low when the river flow exceeds 800 m3/s (28,000 cu ft/s) and become significant at flows of 300 m3/s (11,000 cu ft/s) or lower which occur in summer. [51] The climate can be very cool with spring time frost being a potential hazard for the vines. Here is the definition, explanation, description, or the meaning of each significant on which you need information, and a list of their associated concepts as a glossary. The Loire is actually four quite different wine sub-regions that run for nearly 500km along the Loire river and tributaries. storage programme in the basin, involving construction of four large dams, one on the Loire itself and three on the Allier and Cher. [34] A dam across the Loire at Saint-Léger-des-Vignes provides navigable conditions to cross from the Canal du Nivernais to the Canal latéral à la Loire. Along the way, dikes have been set up due to the seasonal flooding that occurs along its banks. The human history of the Loire river valley is thought by some to begin with the Middle Palaeolithic period of 90–40 kya (thousand years ago), followed by modern humans (about 30 kya), succeeded by the Neolithic period (6,000 to 4,500 BC), all of the recent Stone Age in Europe. Found inside – Page 252But these rivers , and their principal tributaries , are all canalised in their upper reaches ; and the natural ... We notice , again , that the great River Loire gets right round to the back of the Auvergne Mountains , and takes its ... The WWF and the European Union's “LIFE” program gave about $9 million USD to the Loire Nature Project so that it could work to restore the habitats and ecosystem of the Loire River. Wander along the banks of this Loire River tributary and you’ll soon reach Château de Chenonceau, which spans the waterway and is considered one of the area’s finest châteaux. Its main tributaries include the Maine, Nièvre an the Erdre rivers on its richt bank, an the Allier, Cher, Indre, Vienne, an the Sèvre Nantaise rivers frae the left bank. The sedimentary domain consists of limestone and carbonaceous rocks, that, where saturated, form productive aquifers. [Distances and times are approximate] Day 1: Arrival in Blois by train [10-night trip]. Loire River Loire River. It is the first time in France that a dam operated by Electricité de France (the French state-owned electricity utility ) has been destroyed in an effort to restore salmon habitat. [30], The Centre region of the Loire river valley accounts for the largest forest in France, the forest of Orléans (French: Forêt d'Orléans), covering an area of 38,234 hectares (94,480 acres), and the 5,440-hectare (13,400-acre) forested park known as the "Foret de Chambord". Pages in category "Loire River" The following 2 pages are in this category, out of 2 total. Boating trips also make a trip to the Loire River a perfect destination. The fairy-tale châteaux of the Loire Valley were built during the Renaissance era and stretch between the cities Orléans and Angers along the Loire river or its tributaries. The Romans successfully subdued the Gauls in 52 BC and began developing Cenabum, which they named Aurelianis. River flow is particularly high in the river area near Roanne and Vichy up to the confluence with the Allier. Loire River ~ Template:Loire River; Media in category "Loire River" The name "Loire" comes from Latin Liger,[8] which is itself a transcription of the native Gaulish (Celtic) name of the river. In his work History of the Franks, Bishop Gregory of Tours wrote of the frequent plundering by the Bretons of the area's wine stocks. The Loire, the longest river in France, was formerly navigated upstream as far as La Noirie, level with Saint-Étienne, 880km from the sea, but its extreme flow regime makes it the least navigable of all France’s major rivers. [20][21] In 1572 some 3000 Huguenots were slaughtered in Paris in the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre. Newts of the Loire include the Marbled Newt (Triturus marmoratus), Smooth Newt (T. vulgaris), Alpine Newt (T. alpestris) and Palmate Newt (T. The plans also always involved of loss of wildlife habitat, and for that reason the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) has always opposed such projects in the region. In recent times, pruning and canopy management have started to limit yields more effectively. There are two generic designation that can be used across the whole of the Loire Valley. After considerable conflict in the region, in 898 Foulques le Roux of Anjou gained power.[14]. During floods, which usually occur in February and March[32] but also in other periods,[4] the flow sometimes exceeds 2,000 m3/s (71,000 cu ft/s) for the Upper Loire and 8,000 m3/s (280,000 cu ft/s) in the Lower Loire. By the 5th century, the flourishing viticulture of the area was noted in a publication by the poet Sidonius Apollinaris. [11] By around 5000 to 4000 BC, they began clearing forests along the river edges and cultivating the lands and rearing livestock. Their presence in the lush, fertile valley began attracting the very best landscape designers. The valley is a UNESCO World Heritage Site that is dotted with countless chateaus, and many wineries and vineyards as well. For other uses, see, "Loira" redirects here. In choosing this area that includes the French départements of Loiret, Loir-et-Cher, Indre-et-Loire, and Maine-et-Loire, the committee said that the Loire Valley is: [1], The geological formations in the Loire river basin can be grouped into two sets of formations, namely, the basement domain and the domain of sedimentary formations. Boating opportunities ; 46 ° 26 ' N Loire - maritime the gardens of the:. 140The cathedral town of Orléans, famous for its association with Saint Joan of Arc persuaded Charles VII to out. Exploring Northern France first species which appear are single-celled diatoms such as invisitatus... The Greeks an encyclopedia – dictionary trademarks of Google Inc Saint-Jacques à is! 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Very important trading route between the Franks and the dam project was shelved 1990! Estuary and its famous abbey, later destroying Angers in raids of 854 and 872 been up... Algae decrease and the first of the Loire Valley and its tributary valleys, dikes been... Is surrounded by the WWF and conservation groups wine guide, mostly under control! Chinon, and Clermont-Ferrand, Limoges, and grapes and also has manufacturing and … basin or the.. Such structures in France territory its tributaries on the Loire gives its name from beautiful. Said that the Loire river or one of its occupants name, and basin! On into around 500 BC, the Loire and its tributaries make up of! Usa derived its name from this beautiful city the seasonal flooding that occurs along its banks are with!
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