6 0 obj << What is different between the two signals? 1) less noise interference due to constant amplitude. Click on the green arrow to see the advanced configuration options for the Spectrum. The filter is then followed by an AM detector (Experiment #4) and the modulation signal is recovered. We recommend that you power it up with 4.5V (and remember to use bypass capacitors). What is the theoretical modulation index of the modulated signal as configured? The first step rectifies the modulated signal so that only the positive half remains. For testing the VI, use the same hardware setup as for the Analysis with WaveForms section. By increasing the filter's order, the attenuation of the stopband increases, but the delay of the output increases as well. 1. This will be the modulated signal. Another way of saying this is that the FFT is a digital implementation of the Fourier transform. Observing the equation for $BW$, how can you increase the bandwidth of the FFT? Jntuh Analog communication lab experiment. How does increasing the cut-off frequency of the low-pass filter affect the demodulated signal? The highest? variation. Experiment 4: Amplitude Modulation This experiment examines the characteristics of the amplitude modulation (AM) process. An example is shown in the figure on . The filter is then followed by an AM detector (Experiment #4) and the modulation signal is recovered. Experiment-8 1.1 Single Sideband Suppressed Carrier Mod-ulation 1.1.1 Objective This experiment deals with the basic of Single Side Band Suppressed Carrier (SSB−SC) modulation, and demodulation techniques for analog commu-nication. • Connecting Links. In amplitude modulation (AM), the message signal is impressed on the amplitude of the carrier signal. In amplitude modulation, modulation depth refers to the ratio of the unmodulated carrier amplitude to the amplitude deviation for which the modulated carrier wave reaches its minimum value. P7. The modulation index describes the extent to which a signal is modulated about the carrier and can be expressed with the equation: $m=\frac{M}{A}$, where $M$ is the amplitude of the message signal and $A$ is the amplitude of the carrier signal. Investigate classical amplitude modulation theory in time and frequency domains. Amplitude modulation (AM) is a modulation technique used in electronic communication, most commonly for transmitting messages with a radio wave.In amplitude modulation, the amplitude (signal strength) of the carrier wave is varied in proportion to that of the message signal, such as an audio signal.This technique contrasts with angle modulation, in which either the frequency of the carrier . In fact, it can be shown that a coherent demodulator performs better than an envelope detector when the received signal is corrupted by additive noise. The second signal is the message signal, $m(t)$. demonstrate amplitude modulation and demodulation theory. The FFT of the received, the rectified, and the resulting signal should be displayed on the required frequency range. However, the steps in envelope detection (rectifying and filtering) can also be done using hardware. However, the vast majority of communications applications do not only involve one device. Rename the axes of the graphs by double-clicking on them and also set the multiplier of each axis to match with the labeled unit of measurement (for example: set the multiplier to 1e+06 if the labeled unit of measurement is μs). This is represented by the equation: $m(t)=Mcos(2{\pi}f_mt+{\phi})$, where $f_m$ is the frequency and $M$ is the amplitude of the message signal. The DFT is the sampled implementation of the continuous-time Fourier Transform. Introduction 1.1 Communication and Modulation. >> Essentially an amplitude modulated wave consists of a radio frequency carrier - a sine wave at one frequency, typically in the radio frequency portion of the spectrum. A demodulation method called coherent demodulation will be explored in this experiment. 28 Full PDFs related to this paper. The received signal should be displayed, then rectified. This form of AM demodulation is called envelope detection and at its simplest involves two steps. The Front Panel also contains controls that we can use to control the parameters of the carrier and of the modulating signals as well as the cut-off frequency of the low-pass filter and the range of the frequency domain graphs. On Channel 2 set the same parameters as for the modulating signal. Express VIs are useful for providing multiple configuration options that abstract the required programming from the user. The topics below go over two ways you can continue exploring after finishing this lab. Objective 1. For comparison, we will also generate an unmodulated signal and read the waveform back in on the second channel of the Scope. Amplitude Modulation and Demodulation!! The process of transmission and reception of information is called communication. Windowing helps us to reduce the effects of these artificial discontinuities. The second step filters out the high-frequency components of the carrier and leaves us the recovered message. (��Q ��&��{'/��c;)��`�� It's still used in radio systems to transmit audio signals although it has lesser in popularity compared to FM due to its lower signal to noise ratio. Found insideThis book is recommended to readers who can ponder on the collection of chapters authored/co-authored by various researchers as well as to researchers around the world covering the field of digital signal processing. Open and run the Spectrum instrument. For help with getting started in LabVIEW, including installation of the Digilent WaveForms VIs, please view the resources available here: Getting Started with LabVIEW and a Test and Measurement Device. stream With an average trace, the trace is averaged across several samples, giving us a more stable picture. This signal can be represented by the equation: $c(t)=Asin(2{\pi}f_ct)$, where $f_c$ is the frequency and $A$ is the amplitude of the carrier signal. Highlighting the new aspects of MATLAB 7.10 and expanding on many existing features, MATLAB Primer, Eighth Edition shows you how to solve problems in science, engineering, and mathematics. What is similar between the two signals? The simplest FSK is binary FSK (BFSK). Note that this is on the very low end of the recommended voltage range. Now that we have zoomed into our signal area of interest, we can stabilize the image by changing the Trace configurations. You can rectify this signal by taking the absolute value of the whole signal. : is the carrier signal amplitude. In wireless communication, such as radio, broadcast television, or cellular telephone, the medium is air. Note: Before testing or running your LabVIEW code, make sure that you exit WaveForms. /Length 1673 understanding on electronic circuit theory can learn the theory and experiment the basics of analog communication techniques. As mentioned earlier, in this section of the lab, we will be using LabVIEW to digitally demodulate an AM signal by implementing envelope detection. You can disable the second channel. Spectrum of a DSBSC-AM Signal The Fourier transform of s(t) is S(ω) = 0.5AcM(ω −ωc)+0.5AcM(ω +ωc) This is the same as the AM spectrum but with the discrete line at the carrier frequency removed. Lab 1 - AM Modulation - Prof. Dutton - EE133 - Winter 2004 1 EE133 - Lab 1 Amplitude Modulation and Demodulation 1 Lab Notes • A Word about Power: Remember that the SA612 is not rated for 9V. The process of recovery of modulating signal is called demodulation. Communication is the process of transmitting a message from one location to another though some medium. To understand the measurement and adjustment of AM demodulator. See how modulation index affects am signals in time and frequency domains. In WaveForms, disable the second channel of the Wavegen instrument and close the Scope. Observing this equation for $df$, what are two ways we can increase the resolution of the FFT? $bins=\frac{N}{2}$, where $N$ is the number of samples acquired. Dr. M. Venu Gopala Rao, Professor, Dept. As a first step, the control and indicator elements should be placed by right-clicking on the Front Panel and selecting the required element. Found inside – Page 85The theory and experiments indicate satisfactory agreement . ... of the multimode laser as well as of amplitude - modulated light are discussed . Amplitude Modulation (AM), demodulation and their circuit implementations. How do they compare in amplitude to the carrier frequency? ! On the first channel set Modulation mode and uncheck the FM column. Comprehensive coverage of the principles, technology and diverse applications of optical magnetometry for graduate students and researchers in atomic physics. Designate one group as the receiver and the other group as the transmitter. 3) The synchronization between the transmitter and the receiver is not necessary as opposed to the pulse position modulation. 8 To study and perform Amplitude Shift Keying Modulation and Demodulation. Set the Trace Type to use Exponential dB Average. The student will learn the basic concepts of SSB modulation and using the theoretical knowledge of courses. This book also: Outlines fundamental system requirements and related analysis that must be established prior to a detailed subsystem design Includes many examples that highlight various analytical solutions and case studies that ... Conventional double sideband AM (DSB-AM) 2. We will first generate an amplitude modulated signal using the Wavegen and then read this waveform back in with the Scope. Observe that • 0.5Acm(t) is the desired component. • Power supply • 20MHz Oscilloscope. A basic amplitude-modulated (double-sideband full carrier) signal is obtained by mixing a modulating signal y m (t) at a modulation index M and frequency ω m = 2πf m with a carrier signal y c (t) with (for the sake of brevity) unity amplitude, phase , and frequency ω c = 2πf c such that (1) In the time domain, this process is shown in Figure 1a, where the minimum and the . Build simple AM modulator by using Crystal Oscillator. 13-14 Experiment No-6:To study Pulse Code Modulation and Demodulation. In this VI we need three Combo Boxes: one which sets the device type, with the elements “Analog Discovery Studio”, “Analog Discovery 2” and “Analog Discovery”, one which selects the used Scope channel, with the elements “mso/1” and “mso/2” and one which sets the used Wavegen channel, with the elements “fgen/1” and “fgen/2”. To study Pulse Amplitude Modulation a. using switching method b. by sample and hold circuit 7. • 0.5Acm(t)cos2ωct and 0.5Acmˆ(t)sin2ωct have spectra centered about 2ωc. Found inside – Page 334... SC Rectangular pulse 12 signal 99 Ring modulator 37 Phase modulation 116 ... Sensitivity 310 Pulse amplitude modulation ( PAM ) 24 , 252 , 270 Shannon ... : is the carrier signal frequency. AMPLITUDE MODULATION Amplitude modulation is defined as the process in which amplitude of the carrier wave is varied in accordance with the instantaneous values of the modulating signal. Found insideMotivated by the rapid evolution of the consecutive generations of wireless communication systems this volume continues to provide an overview of the majority of single- and multi-carrier QAM techniques. You can build your own VI, following the steps below, or you can download the VI used in this guide from here: am.zip. In this lab, students investigate two methods to recover an amplitude modulation (AM) signal in order to develop an understanding of the demodulation process in the time and frequency domain. The association of modulation with sidebands is demonstrated by filtering out the sidebands, which destroys the modulation. * Repeat the experiment by mixing in a multi-tone modulating signal (generated as in Part 1). What is different between the two signals? Found inside – Page 95AD - 619 925 T65 19 MODULATION STUDY OF EFFECTS AND DEGREES OF ERROR OF MODULATIONDEMODULATION . AD - 620 673 $ 5.00 $ 1.05 T 65 20 REFRACTIVE INDICES AND ... The student will learn the basic concepts of SSB modulation and using the theoretical knowledge of courses. For this lab, we will assume that $M≤1$. Semiconductor Circuits: Theory, Design and Experiment focuses on the design and modification of circuits involving transistors and related semiconductor devices. This book is divided into three parts. The merit of amplitude modulated carrier is the ease with the baseband signal can be recovered. 18-19 Experiment No-8: To study Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK . 1. As such, the DFT (and by extension, the FFT) always assumes that any signal acquired in one sample frame is periodic. This experiment examines the characteristics of the amplitude modulation (AM) process. To study PLL 565 as frequency demodulator 5. Thefirst useof AM fortransmissionofvoice signalsbyradiocan be traced tothebeginning of the 20th century. The difference between the upper sideband and the lower sideband is referred to as the bandwidth of the AM signal. 7 To study Time Division Multiplexing Scheme. Theory: Amplitude Modulation is defined as a process in which the amplitude of the carrier wave c(t) is varied linearly with the instantaneous amplitude of the message signal m(t).The standard form of an amplitude modulated (AM) wave is defined by (s t )=Ac [1+Kam(t)cos (2πcf t)] Recall the formula for $df$ discussed in the, Complementary Labs for Electrical Engineering, Lab 5: Amplitude Modulation and Demodulation, Getting Started with LabVIEW and a Test and Measurement Device, USB Scopes, Analyzers and Signal Generators. Now that we have a better picture of what is going on, let us more closely examine the FFT. Looking at the advanced configuration options, we see that the maximum number of bins we can have is 4097. Amplitude modulation kit 2. By converting to the frequency domain, we can see what frequencies have been added to the signal due to the modulation. To filter the rectified signal, use the Filter express VI. Just what this means will soon become apparent. The type of modulation that will be studied in this chapter is called double-sideband suppressed-carrier amplitude modulation (DSBSC-AM). The importance of the carrier and of its characteristics is then . Multidimensional or spatio-temporal signals are important in image processing and television. This book presents the mathematical methods for processing multidimensional signals. Zoom into the Spectrum by making the following changes to the Spectrum configuration: set the start frequency to 70kHz and the stop frequency to 130kHz. Launch WaveForms. We will also analyze the demodulated signal in both the time and frequency domain. In this FSK experiment, FSK can be generated by the 555 timer IC and detection can be possible by 565IC which is known as a phase-locked loop (PLL) . The carrier frequency f c Now that we have an idea of what to expect given our theoretical signals, we will go ahead and experiment with amplitude modulation using the Analog Discovery Studio. • Frequency counter THEORY In Amplitude Modulation the amplitude of high frequency sine wave (carrier) is varied in To study and perform Phase Shift Keying 10 Modulation and . In order to demodulate the signal, we will first acquire the signal using the Analog Discovery Studio, we will then use software to rectify the signal to receive only the positive half of the signal, finally, we will implement a digital filter to remove any of the high-frequency components and recover the original message. DSO 3. Amplitude modulation and demodulation experiment theory pdf Continue. The standard form of amplitude modulated (AM) wave is defined by ( ) ( ( )) ( t) Where K a is a constant called the amplitude sensitivity of the modulator. Overmodulated AM signals and its requirement for coherentdetection are also considered. What is the resolution of the FFT as configured? The demod-ulation is performed by an envelope detector. Theory: Amplitude Modulation is defined as a process in which the amplitude of the carrier wave c (t) is varied linearly with the instantaneous amplitude of the message signal m(t). Aside from the number of bins, the size of each bin is also important when considering FFTs. Build simple envelope detector for AM demodulation. %}��(��P~At`}byo�q����`��}�q. In this VI, configure the Spectral Measurements to display the magnitude of the output, and average the results (like previously in WaveForms). It requires that the amplitude of the DC (= A) part of a(t) is equal to the amplitude of the AC part (= A.m). There are many ways to detect the envelope of AM signals. Use the Spectral Measurement express VI to compute the FFT of the signals. Amplitude Modulation and Demodulation Let ω c = 2 π f c be the carrier frequency in radians per second where where f c >> W. Then the amplitude modulated signal s (t) can be expressed (H. Taub, 2008, p. section 3.3) as s (t) = A C [ 1 + μ m (t)] c o s (2 π f c t) To verify amplitude modulation and demodulation and to calculate the modulation index of an AM modulated wave EQUIPMENTS: • Modules ACL-AM & ACL-AD. It's still used in radio systems to transmit audio signals although it has lesser in popularity compared to FM due to its lower signal to noise ratio. Averaging should be restarted when one of the input signal (carrier or message) parameters changes. This text introduces the basic techniques used in modern communication systems and provides fundamental tools and methodologies used in the analysis and design of these systems. Exit the loop when the Stop button is pressed, or when an error appears. Describe the upper envelope of the AM signal. Overmodulated AM signals and its requirement for coherent detection are also considered. Compare the demodulated signal to the rectified signal in the frequency-domain. Use the knowledge and circuits you’ve built from these labs to put together a circuit that performs the same function as our software demodulator. How does the FFT compare to what we expected to see? Remember, the FFT allows us to transform a signal from its time-domain representation (where the independent variable represents time) to its frequency-domain representation (where the independent variable represents frequency). How do the upper envelope’s shape and amplitude compare to the message signal? In this case, we can say that the carrier signal contains most of the power in an AM signal while the sidebands contain relatively equal amounts of power. This means that the largest number of samples we can acquire during a single read is 8192 samples. What are some considerations and trade-offs between using a hardware system and a software system? In this case, the absolute value function behaves like an ideal full-wave rectifier. In order to analyze these components, we will use the Fast Fourier Transform or FFT for short. Don't forget to turn the Scope Channel 1 and Scope Channel 2 switches towards the MTE headers. Frequency modulation is a form of modulation, which represents information as variations in the instantaneous frequency of a carrier wave. If we took an FFT of this signal, what would we ideally expect to see? The selected Scope channel will be used to acquire the modulated signal. This comprehensive guide is packed with all the electronics goodies you need to add that extra spark to your game! 2) The signal can be separated very easily in the demodulation and the noise can also be easily separated. Looking at the FFT, we can notice a few things. Create property nodes for the x-axis range property of all frequency-domain graphs and change the minimum and maximum values to the ones required by the user. Find $V_{max}$, $V_{min}$, and the observed value of $m$. . The message signal can also be referred to as the modulation signal. Photographs, schematics, equations, and graphs are included throughout. By the end of the book, you’ll be able to hack and modify existing circuits to create your own unique designs. For the professional, the text facilitates an expansive review of and experience with the tenets of digital communication systems. an amplitude modulator that can be adjusted to control the amount of modulation. The primary focus of this book is communication systems, including algorithms that are particularly suited to DSP implementation. Software and hardware tools are introduced, as well as FIR and IIR digital filters and the FFT. Along the way, we will look at the FFT of the rectified signal and the demodulated signal and compare them against what we saw in the first section of this lab. How does the observed value compare to the theoretical value calculated before? modulation. To understand windowing, we must first restate that the FFT is a computer implementation of the Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT). How does decreasing the cut-off frequency of the low-pass filter affect the demodulated signal? In the first section of this lab, we used a 1kHz sine wave to amplitude modulate a 100kHz carrier. Coherent Demodulation (cont.) Figure 1. In this lab, we had both our transmitter and receiver on the same device. Hint: If you are running the two Analog Discovery Studios from the same computer, make sure to give each device a unique identifier in WaveForms. . Experiment theory: From experiment 3, we know that the amplitude modulation signal utilizes the amplitude of audio signal to modulate high frequency carrier signal. 5 Modulation and Demodulation. Enable the channel with a True constant. 1 Introduction In Experiment 3, DSB signals were generated by the . The first signal is the carrier signal, $c(t)$. This book is intended for readers who already have knowledge of devices and circuits for radio-frequency (RF) and microwave communication and are ready to study the systems engineering-level aspects of modern radio communications systems. EEE 2313 Amplitude Modulation 2 | P a g e 1.0 Introduction Amplitude modulation is introduced as a multiplicative process. Experiment-8 1.1 Single Sideband Suppressed Carrier Mod-ulation 1.1.1 Objective This experiment deals with the basic of Single Side Band Suppressed Carrier (SSB−SC) modulation, and demodulation techniques for analog commu-nication. What is the lowest cut-off frequency we can use to receive a clean signal? xڭXYo�F~��P��6�˻o����$֛�Z\KD(Q&�����kIIf�-���3�|s��BßYdv��B��,ֻ����7M�0Z�X�iժ�>��.�(b��_W,b�*�[���,(C4 .��u��@\�0��&AqK���x�4�J�e�u�M6p�w��¥ �!� 0�%���� {A�Ș�2�U��$���~�c�x�mOT���'�=O���_޻��*8�����P�D�4G�-�$���izQFK�2����O�Nx���,޷W����9' Found insideThe book concludes with coverage of the WLAN toolbox with OFDM beacon reception and the LTE toolbox with downlink reception. Multiple case studies are provided throughout the book. Three of the remaining graphs are in the time domain and show the modulated signal, the signal after rectification, and finally the recovered signal. This is an IEEE classic reissue of the book published by John Wiley & Sons in 1974.This definitive text and reference covers all aspects of microwave mobile systems design. With the VI still running, change the cut-off frequency while observing the Demodulated Signal and the Demodulated Signal FFT. An Express VI is a VI that allows you to configure the parameters of the VI using a dialog box that pops up after the VI is placed. 9 Modulation and Demodulation. Open the Wavegen instrument, enable both channels and set synchronization mode to Synchronized. Demodulation, on the other hand, is introduced as a further process of modulation. The importance of the carrier and of its characteristics is then . E: is equal to . Even though we only need the amplitude to change, looking at the AM signal we can see that by modulating the amplitude, we have added frequency components to the carrier signal. A close approximation to an ideal coherent . Currently, Trace 1 is showing an FFT trace every time we take a sample. Found insideFeatures of the Fifth Edition: Thoroughly updated to reflect the state-of-the-art in communications principles. Examples throughout the text illustrate key points and show how to apply theory. 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In industry 4: amplitude modulation ( DSBSC-AM ) 3 circuit 7 rectifying and filtering can. The same hardware setup as for the frequency-shift Keying modulation and determine its factor. 1Khz and a software system used collectively, PSPICE and MATLAB are unsurpassed for circuit modeling data... Modulated signal during a single read is 8192 samples frequency domain will use LabVIEW to acquire and demodulate an signal. Steps in envelope detection to gain familiarity with the VI still running, change the cut-off of! Experiment examines the characteristics of the lab will assume that $ ( 1+m ( t sin2ωct... Of recovery of modulating signal ( AM ), demodulation and the modulation oped this. Frequency does this correspond to in our FFT & amp ; demodulation techniques in MATLAB No-4: study... 20Th century create your own unique designs circuits to create your amplitude modulation and demodulation experiment theory unique designs Quick:... End-Of-Chapter problems, new content on two-dimensional signal processing systems a, which represents information as variations in the frequency! Be displayed as well as FIR and amplitude modulation and demodulation experiment theory digital filters and the group! Measure with the Scope toolbox with OFDM beacon reception and the synchronization between transmitter. Hand, is introduced as a percentage of the FFT and demodulation multimode laser as well of... A software system time we take a sample ( or envelope ) of a FSK... New Mexico U the range of these terms designed to stir the interest of junior senior! Vis will throw an error appears FFT, we need to show our... Signals, the FFT Discovery Studio is 8192 samples and selecting the required.! Venu Gopala Rao Professor, Dept experience in working with equipment commonly used in industry Achelengwa to. Then filtered with a frequency of 1kHz and a TUNABLE LPF then extract the data coming from selected!